역대하 18:36의 미드라쉬

“It was during the days when the judges judged, there was a famine in the land. A man from Bethlehem of Judah went to reside in the field of Moav, he, his wife, and his two sons” (Ruth 1:1).
“It was during the days when the judges judged” – Rabbi Yoḥanan began and said: “Hear My people and I will speak; [Israel, and I will forewarn you]” (Psalms 50:7). Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One forewarns only one who can hear it. Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Simon said: In the past they were called Israel like all other nations: “Savta, Rama, and Savtekha” (Genesis 10:7);¹These are the names of nations listed in Genesis, chap. 10. from here forward, they are called only My people. “Hear My people and I will speak” – from where did you merit to be called My people? From “and I will speak” – from what you spoke before Me at Sinai and said: “Everything that the Lord has spoken we will do and we will heed” (Exodus 24:7). Rabbi Yoḥanan said: “Hear My people” – [what I have said] in the past; “and I will speak” – in the future. “Hear My people” – in this world; “and I will speak” – in the World to Come. So I will have a response to the angels of the nations of the world who are destined to accuse them before Me and say: ‘Master of the universe, these worship idols and those worship idols, these engaged in forbidden sexual relations and those engaged in forbidden sexual relations, these spilled blood and those spilled blood, and these are going down to the Garden of Eden and those are going down to Gehenna?’
At that time, the advocate of Israel is silenced. That is what you say: “At that time Mikhael will stand” (Daniel 12:1). Is there sitting on high? Did Rabbi Ḥanina not say: There is no sitting on high, as it is written: “I approached one of those standing [kamaya]” (Daniel 7:16). What is this language kamaya? Standing [kayama], as it is written: “Seraphim stood above Him” (Isaiah 6:2), and it is written: “The entire host of heaven standing in His presence on His right hand and on His left” (see I Kings 22:19). And you say “will stand”?²Since angels always stand, what does it mean that the angel Mikhael will stand at that moment? [Rather,] what is “will stand”? It is stand silent, as you say: “Shall I wait, because they do not speak, amdu] and do not answer>?” (Job 32:16).
The Holy One blessed be He says to him: ‘Do you stand silent and not advocate on behalf of My children? By your life, I will speak in support of their righteousness and rescue My children.’ What righteousness? Rabbi Elazar and Rabbi Yoḥanan, one says: Due to the righteousness that you established My world because you accepted My Torah, as had you not accepted My Torah, I would have restored it [the world] to emptiness and disorder, as Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: “Earth and all its inhabitants dissolve, [I set its pillars, selah]” (Psalms 75:4). The world would have already dissolved, had Israel not stood before Mount Sinai…³Referring to a midrash that appears in Shir HaShirim Rabba 1:9: “If Israel had not stood on Mount Sinai and said: ‘Everything that the Lord has spoken we will do and we will heed’ (Exodus 24:7), the world would have dissolved and returned to emptiness and disorder.” The midrash there then continues as it does here. And who established the world? “I [anokhi] set its pillars” (Psalms 75:4). Due to the merit of anokhi, “I set its pillars, selah.”⁴Anokhi is the first word of the Ten Commandments. In other words, due to the merit of Israel’s future acceptance of the Ten Commandments and the entire Torah, God established the foundations of the world. One said: Due to the righteousness you did for yourselves in accepting My Torah, as had you not done so, I would have eliminated you from among the nations.
“God; I am your God” (Psalms 50:7) – Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is sufficient for you that I am your patron. Reish Lakish said: Although I am your patron, how does My patronage help at trial?⁵The midrash is responding to the repetition in the verse: “God; I am your God.” God [Elohim] represents the attribute of justice, and the verse thus presents a tension between God being strictly just and God being particularly Israel’s God, i.e., their patron.
Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai taught: I am the God for all humankind, but I have designated My name only upon My people Israel. I am not called the God of all the nations, but rather, the God of Israel. “God [Elohim]; I am your God” – Rabbi Yudan interpreted the verse in reference to Moses: The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Even though I called you “god to Pharaoh” (Exodus 7:1), “I am your God” – I am above you.’ Rabbi Abba bar Yudan interpreted the verse in reference to Israel: Although I called you god, as it is stated: “I said you are godlike [elohim]” (Psalms 82:6), “I am your God” – know that I am above you. The Rabbis interpreted the verse in reference to judges: Even though I called you elohim, as it is stated: “Do not curse elohim” (Exodus 22:27), know that I am above you. Then He said to Israel: ‘I accorded honor to the judges and called them elohim, and they demean them. Woe unto a generation that judges their judges.’

There is wealth that is beneficial to its possessor and wealth that is harmful to him. An example of wealth that was harmful to its possessor was the wealth of Korah, as it is said: So they, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit (Num. 16:33). Haman’s riches were also harmful to him, for though it is said: And Haman recounted unto them the glory of his riches (Est. 5:11), ultimately: So they hanged Haman (ibid. 7:10). An example of wealth that was beneficial to its owner was that of Jehoshaphat: Now Jehoshaphat had riches and honor in abundance (II Chron. 18:1). What happened to him? Then Jehoshaphat cried out, and the Lord helped him (ibid., v. 31).

Our Rabbis were taught: There are three [in connection with prophecy] who are to be sentenced by court; viz., he who prophesies what he has not heard — e.g., Zedekiah ben Kenaanah, of whom it is written (II Chron. 18, 10) Made himself horns of iron, etc. But why was he guilty? Did not the spirit of Nabeth make him err, as it is written (Ib., ib. 19-21) And the Lord said, Who will persuade Achab, the king of Israel, that he may go up and fall at Ramoth-gilead? And one spake saying after this manner, and another saying after that manner. Then came forth, a spirit, and placed himself before the Lord, and said, I will persuade him. And the Lord said unto him. Wherewith? And he said, I will go forth and I will become a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said. Thou shalt persuade him, and also prevail; go forth and do so. What is meant by go forth? R. Juda said: "Go outside of My compartment as a liar cannot remain in it." And to the question: What spirit? R. Jochanan said: "The spirit of Naboth Ha-Israeli." [Hence it was not Zedekiah's fault, as he was deceived by the spirit] He ought to have given his attention to what was said by R. Isaac: "The same watchword [divine oracle] is passed to many prophets, but no two prophets prophecy under the same watchwords (use the very same expressions); e.g., (Ob. 1, 3) The presumption of thy heart hath beguiled thee. (Jer. 49, 16) Thy haste hath deceived thee — the presumption of thy heart. Here, however, it reads (II. Chron. 18, 11) And all the' prophets so prophesied, saying. Go up against Ramoth-gilead. etc." Hence, as all prophesied in identical language, he ought to have known that it was not a true prophecy. But perhaps Zedekiah did not know what was said by R. Isaac. There was Jehoshaphat, who told him that, as it is written (Ib., ib. 6) Is there not a prophet of the Eternal besides? And to the question of Achab: Are not all these who prophesy in the name of the Lord sufficient? Jehoshaphat answered: "I have a tradition from my grandfather's house that the same watch-word [divine oracle] is passed to many prophets, but two prophets cannot prophesy under the same watchword using the very same expression."

“There is no memory of the former ones; and also of the latter ones, who will be, there will be no memory of them, among those who will be last” (Ecclesiastes 1:11).
“There is no memory of the former ones.” Rabbi Aḥa said: “There is no memory of the former ones” – this is the generation of the flood, “and also of the latter ones” – these are the Sodomites. Of whom is it said: “Among those who will be last”? These are Israel, as it is stated: “Last they will travel by their banners” (Numbers 2:31). Rabbi Yudan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon Shekafa: “There is no memory of the former ones” – these are the Egyptians, “and also of the latter ones” – these are the Amalekites. About whom is it stated that they should expunge the memory of Amalek? Israel, as it is stated: “Expunge the memory of Amalek” (Deuteronomy 25:19).
Numerous miracles were performed on Israel’s behalf when they departed from Egypt, and before Israel departed from Egypt. In their regard it says: “There is no memory of the former ones; and also of the latter ones, who will be.” To what do I provide commemoration? To the miracles of the World to Come, as it is written: “They will no longer say: As the Lord lives, who took the children of Israel up from the land of Egypt” (Jeremiah 23:7), but, “rather, as the Lord lives, who took up and who brought the descendants of the house of Israel…from all the lands…” (Jeremiah 23:8).
Numerous prophets arose in Israel and their names were not mentioned. But in the future, the Holy One blessed be He will come and bring them with Him. That is what is written: “The Lord my God will come, all the holy ones with You” (Zechariah 14:5). Rabbi Zeira said: Numerous pious men and Torah personalities were worthy of being mentioned, like Yehuda bar Rabbi Ḥizkiya. In their regard it is stated: “And also of the latter ones.” But in the future, the Holy One blessed be He is destined to appoint for Him a group of righteous people of His own, and He will seat them near Him in a great assembly, as it is stated: “The moon will be confounded and the sun ashamed, [for the Lord of hosts has reigned on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem], and before his elders, glory” (Isaiah 24:23). Before his angels, before his legions, or before his priests is not stated, but rather: “Before his elders, glory.” Rabbi Avin said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: The Holy One blessed be He is destined to sit as though inside a circle, with the righteous sitting before Him, as that which is written regarding Yehoshafat, as it is stated: “The king of Israel and Yehoshafat king of Judah…were sitting on a threshing floor” (II Chronicles 18:9). Were they sitting on a threshing floor? Rather, as it is taught: The Sanhedrin was arranged in half of a round threshing floor so each of them could see the other (Sanhedrin 36b). Solomon said: ‘I saw Him sitting among them.’ That is what is written: “Her husband is known in the gates, as he sits among the elders of the land” (Proverbs 31:23).⁹³The husband in this image is God and He makes Himself known to them with them sitting in a semi-circle before Him, so each of them can see Him.
Rabbi Berekhya, Rabbi Ḥelbo, Ula Beira’a, Rabbi Beivai, and Rabbi Elazar in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina say: The Holy One blessed be He is destined to make Himself the head of the dance of the righteous in the future, as it is stated: “Pay attention to its ramparts [leḥeila]” (Psalms 48:14). Laḥula is written, as they will be dancing [ḥalin] before Him like young women and pointing at Him with a finger, and saying: “For this is God, our God for ever and ever, He will guide us beyond death [al mut]” (Psalms 48:15). Almut, with quickness, almut, like those young women, as it is stated: “Young women [alamot] playing timbrels” (Psalms 68:26). Almut,⁹⁴A reference to the words al mut at the end of Psalms 48:15. Aquila interpreted: A world without death. [Alternatively,] He will guide us in two worlds [olamot], in this world and in the World to Come.

Moses appealed to the Holy One Blessed be He: L-rd of the universe, since I am departing from the world in such exaltation, show me a trustworthy man, who will go forth before them in peace, as it is written (Bamidbar 29:17) "who will go out before them and who will come in before them, and who will take them out and who will bring them back. And let the congregation of the L-rd not be as sheep without a shepherd." And this is expounded in the tradition (Song of Songs 1:7) "Tell me, O You whom my soul loves: Where will You graze (Your flock)? Where will you lay (them down) in the afternoon? For why should I be like (a woman) veiled (in mourning) among the flocks of Your neighbors?" What did the Holy One Blessed be He answer? (Ibid. 8) "If you do not know, O fairest of the women (i.e., "greatest of the prophets"), go out in the footsteps of the sheep" (i.e.,) what I am destined to do with them in the future. Israel passed through four exiles — without a shepherd, without a prophet, without a sage. And thus is it written of the days of Achav (II Chronicles 18:16) "I have seen all of Israel scattered on the mountains like sheep that have no shepherd."

"And to his people shall You bring him": This refers to Isaiah, of whom it is written (II Kings 22:20) "Behold, I will gather you in to your forefathers." "His hands will be 'profuse' (rav) for him": This refers to Menasheh, of whom it is written (Ibid. 21:16) "Menasheh also shed very much innocent blood, until he filled Jerusalem from end to end, aside from his sin of causing Judah to sin, to do what was evil in the eyes of the L-rd." In the end, what is written of him? (II Chronicles 33:13) "And he prayed to Him, and He was entreated of him." (Devarim, Ibid.) "And You shall be a help against his foes": This refers to Yehoshafat, viz. (II Chronicles 18:31) "And Yehoshafat cried out, and the L-rd helped him, and G-d turned them from him."